Ectoparasitic Infections

Ectoparasitic infections are infections that are caused by tiny parasitic bugs, such as lice or mites. They are transmitted by close physical contact, including sexual contact. The parasites affect the skin or hair and cause itching.

Pubic lice (pediculosis pubis)

Pediculosis pubis is an infection of the genital area caused by the crab louse (Phthirus pubis). The lice (commonly called crabs) are small bugs that are visible to the naked eye without the aid of a magnifying glass or microscope. The lice live on pubic hair (or any other hair) and are associated with itching.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) weakens the body's immune system and increases the body's vulnerability to many different infections, as well as the development of certain cancers.

HIV is a viral infection that is primarily transmitted by sexual contact or sharing needles, or from an infected pregnant woman to her newborn. Negative antibody tests do not rule out recent infection. Most people who are infected will have a positive HIV antibody test within 12 weeks of exposure.

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver. Most people do not think of hepatitis as a sexually transmitted infection; however, one of the more common modes of the spread of viral hepatitis B is through intimate sexual contact. Sexual transmission is believed to be responsible for a significant percentage of the cases worldwide. (Improved screening of donated blood has diminished the risk of getting hepatitis B from blood transfusion.) Complications from hepatitis B are responsible for 1 to 2 million deaths yearly.

Hepatitis B virus can cause both an initial (acute) and a chronic form of liver inflammation. The initial phase of infection lasts a few weeks, and in most people, the infection clears. People who recover from the initial infection develop immunity to the HBV, which protects them from future infection with this virus. Still, a small percent of individuals infected with HBV will develop chronic or long-lasting liver disease. These persons are potentially infectious to others. It is the chronic form of hepatitis B that is dangerous to women. Chronic hepatitis B is associated with cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, and liver cancer.

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is liver inflammation (hepatitis) that is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The HCV causes acute and chronic viral hepatitis C. Unlike hepatitis B, however, hepatitis C is infrequently transmitted sexually, so that it is unusual as an STD. It is primarily spread by exposure to infected blood, such as from sharing needles for drug use, piercing, tattooing, and occasionally sharing nasal straws for cocaine use. Some babies born to women infected with HCV will also become infected with the virus. Sometimes there is no method of spread identifiable.

Most infected people have no symptoms, so a delayed or missed diagnosis is common. In contrast to HBV, with which chronic infection is uncommon, the majority of people infected with hepatitis C develop chronic (long-term) infection. However, as is the case with hepatitis B, chronically infected individuals are infectious to others and are at an increased risk of developing severe liver disease and its complications, even if they have no symptoms.

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes, also commonly called "herpes," is a viral infection by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that is transmitted through intimate contact with the mucous-covered linings of the mouth or the vagina or the genital skin. The virus enters the linings or skin through microscopic tears. Once inside, the virus travels to the nerve roots near the spinal cord and settles there permanently.

When an infected person has a herpes outbreak, the virus travels down the nerve fibers to the site of the original infection. When it reaches the skin, the typical redness and blisters occur. After the initial outbreak, subsequent outbreaks tend to be sporadic. They may occur weekly or even years apart.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection caused by the organism Neisseria gonorrheae (also known as gonococcus bacteriae) that is transmitted by sexual contact. Gonorrhea is one of the oldest known sexually transmitted diseases. It is estimated that over one million women are currently infected with gonorrhea. Among women who are infected, a significant percentage also will be infected with chlamydia, another type of bacteria that causes another STD. (Chlamydia infection is discussed later in this article.)

Contrary to popular belief, gonorrhea cannot be transmitted from toilet seats or door handles. The bacterium that causes gonorrhea requires very specific conditions for growth and reproduction. It cannot live outside the body for longer than a few minutes, nor can it live on the skin of the hands, arms, or legs. It survives only on moist surfaces within the body and is found most commonly in the vagina, and, more commonly, the cervix. (The cervix is the end of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.) It can also live in the tube (urethra) through which urine drains from the bladder. Gonorrhea can also exist in the back of the throat (from oral-genital contact) and in the rectum.

Chlamydia

Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) is a bacterium that causes an infection that is very similar to gonorrhea in the way that it is spread and the symptoms it produces. It is common and affects approximately 4 million women annually. Like gonorrhea, the chlamydia bacterium is found in the cervix and urethra and can live in the throat or rectum. Both infected men and infected women frequently lack symptoms of chlamydia infection. Thus, these individuals can unknowingly spread the infection to others. Another strain (type) of Chlamydia trachomatis, which can be distinguished in specialized laboratories, causes the STD known as lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV; see below).

Syphilis

What is syphilis?

Syphilis is an STD that has been around for centuries. It is caused by a bacterial organism called a spirochete. The scientific name for the organism is Treponema pallidum. The spirochete is a wormlike, spiral-shaped organism that wiggles vigorously when viewed under a microscope. It infects the person by burrowing into the moist, mucous-covered lining of the mouth or genitals. The spirochete produces a classic, painless ulcer known as a chancre.

Matter of Psychology

1. Psychology is a science / applied to study human behavior and mental function relationship of Psychology to other Sciences Definition of Memory, Fantasy, and Observations Symptoms introduction of Flow-Flow in psychology
     2. Relationship Psychology to other Sciences 1. 2. 3. 4. Relationship Psychology with Biology: Biology is the science that studies the life, especially for human life. Therefore psychology with the same biological "discusses human life Relationship Psychology with Sociology: Sociology is a science that deals with human beings, learn how human relationships in social life with Philosophy Psychology: Human beings are the objects of philosophy of life. Which, among others, discuss the nature of nature, the purpose of life relationship with the Science of Psychology: Science has a major influence on the development of psychology. By separating themselves from philosophy, science progressing fast enough, to be an example for the development of other sciences

History of Psychology Physiology

History of Psychology Faal
Psychology as part of physiology emerged in the 19th century along with advances in the natural sciences (natural science). In this phase of human thought continues to grow and many human physiological exploration empirically. Scientific context of the 19th century:
- Empirical research done in the field of physiological include: nerve activity, sensation / sensing, and physiological brain. The results of research in these three areas are very significant opening insights into humans so scientists reinforces the view that time the importance of systematic empirical strategy in any field of science.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH)

In America a head injury is the cause of most deaths aged 15-44 years and is the third leading cause of death overall. In developing countries such as Indonesia, along with advances in technology and development tend to be increasing in frequency. Head injury contributes to nearly half of all deaths due to trauma, given that the head is the most common and vulnerable sections involved in an accident.

Keratosis obturans

DEFINITION

Keratosis obturans or obliterans is excessive growth of epithelial tissue of the outer ear canal. Keratosis obliturans rare. Usually by chance discovered by inspectors in otoskopi examination. Keratosis obliterans usually found on a bilateral basis and may be accompanied by bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis. In keratosis obturans found clumps of the epidermis in the ear canal caused by excessive formation of epithelial cells that do not migrate toward the outer ear. Although it can be observed widening of the ear canal and hyperplasia and epithelial and subepithelial inflammation, but no bone erosion. This condition is thought to be caused by the production of stoppers squamous epithelium and excessive or incorrect epithelial migration. The recommended treatment is removal of the plug and the handling of inflammatory processes.

worm

Definition

Worms is one of the parasites in humans and animals that are detrimental to human which is host to several types of intestinal worms which includes Nematodes. Most of the Nematode is still a public health problem in Indonesia. Among the artifacts intestinal Nematodes are a number of species transmission through the soil (Soil Transmitted Helminths) were the most common is Ascaris lumbricoides, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale and Trichuris trichiura.

KERATOSIS OBTURANS

DEFINITION

Keratosis obturans or obliterans is excessive growth of epithelial tissue of the outer ear canal. Keratosis obliturans rare. Usually by chance discovered by inspectors in otoskopi examination. Keratosis obliterans usually found on a bilateral basis and may be accompanied by bronchiectasis and chronic sinusitis. In keratosis obturans found clumps of the epidermis in the ear canal caused by excessive formation of epithelial cells that do not migrate toward the outer ear. Although it can be observed widening of the ear canal and hyperplasia and epithelial and subepithelial inflammation, but no bone erosion. This condition is thought to be caused by the production of stoppers squamous epithelium and excessive or incorrect epithelial migration. The recommended treatment is removal of the plug and the handling of inflammatory processes.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome

Definition

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple physical tick disorder (motor) and at least one tick vocal (phonic). Tik typically occurs tides, can be suppressed temporarily, and preceded by the encouragement that can be tagged. Tourette's is defined as part of a spectrum of disorders tick, which includes transient and chronic tick. The term was first discovered by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) on behalf of wilayahnyanya resident, Georges Albert Édouard Brutus Gilles de la Tourette (1859-1904), a French physician and neurologist, who published an overview of the nine patients with Tourette in 1885.

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

DEFINITION

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus is a skin disease that causes scaling and redness of the skin lesions are exacerbated by exposure to sunlight. Red spots on the skin usually in the form of coins. The most important place for the LED lesions usually occur on the face, neck, forehead, ears, chest, shoulders and upper back. Lesions of the central part is usually brightly colored than the lesion edges darker than normal skin.

Malocclusion

DEFINITION malocclusion

Abnormal occlusion malocclusion is characterized by harmonious relationship between the arch in every field of spatial or anomalies in the abnormal tooth position. Malocclusion showed intercuspal occlusion conditions in which irregular dentition. The determination may be based on a key malocclusion normal occlusion. Angle made ​​a key statement of the first molar occlusion means is the key to occlusion.

gastric perforation

INTRODUCTION

Gaster is a part of the gastrointestinal tract that is located between the esophagus and duodenum. In anatomy consists of gastric cardia, fundus, corpus, antrum and pylorus.
Gastric ulcers can be divided into three classifications based Daintree kaegori Johnson`n, namely:

     Type I: Gastric ulcer on the lesser curvature
     Type II: The combination of gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer
     Type III: Ulcers prepylori

Type 1, or primary, characterized ulcers located on the lesser curvature in the relationship between the fundus and antruum, occurs in older patients and is rarely associated with type hiposekresi stomach acid.

ANOMALI EBSTEIN (EBSTEIN’S ANOMALY)

Anomali ebstein

A. DEFINITIONS

Ebstein Anomaly (AE) is a congenital heart defect characterized by the migration of the location of the leaf and the leaf posterior septal tricuspid valve (KT) downward to the right ventricle and right heart split into two rooms, the atrium space with room air-join atrialisasi right ventricle, located at the proximal KT and right ventricular functional space located in the distal part of the small KT.

coarctation of the aorta

I. Introduction
Aortic KOARTASIO is a disorder that occurs in the form of narrowing of the aorta near the branching of the left subclavian artery from the aortic arch and the base of the duct arteriousus battoli.
Koartasio aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, which usually occurs at the point where the ductus arteriosus is connected to the aorta and aortic turned down.
The aorta is the main artery of the body. The aorta circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the body, except the lungs. The first branch of the aortic blood flow to the upper body (arms and head). Then the blood flow to the lower body (abdomen and legs). Coarctation is derived from the Latin coartatio (tension or pressure). Aortic coarctation is defined as a narrowing of the aortic lumen and cause obstruction of blood flow. Paris was first described in 1791 coarctation of the aorta, although Meckel in 1750 and Morgagni in 1760 has reported the discovery of a narrowing of the aorta at autopsy. In 1944 Crafoord perform corrective surgery for the first time with coarctation resection and end-to-end anastomosis.